应急操作时人的失误因素

The Human Pailure Factors during Emergency Operating

在应急操作下，人往往处于精神极限状态．此时，操作失误率极度升高，灾难性事故往往在此刻发生．本文以提高人－机系统可靠性为前题，阐述了极限状态下人的心理、病理变化和应急操作时的行为特点，并介绍了国外专家对人心理层次的划分；分析了造成人的极限状态的心理、生理、病理和机器设备等方面的影响因素；本文还以核动力发电厂应急操作规程为例，重点研究了预防出现极限状态的对策，包括：环境影响对策、优化设备措施和操作者自身应采取的措施等。

In the case of emergency operating,operating staff usually are in the limit state of mind,so the operating mistake rate will go up sharply,and the disastrous accidents usually will happen at this moment.So to study and resolve the problem is very important and imperative.Basing on raising the reliability of man-machine system,the psychology and pathology of operating staff under the limit state and the behavior characteristic of operating staff in the emergency operation have been expounded here,and the operating staff's psychological gradation partitioned by foreign experts also has been introduced,and the innuence factors of psychology and equipment which lead to the limit state of mind also have been analyzed. In addition, taking the emergency operation of the nuclear power plant as a example, we have studied the countermeasures to prevent the limit state from occurring, which includes countermeasures to environment effects,measures to improve the technical equipment and the measures that the operating staff should be taken.