孔雀河中下游土壤特性及开发利用区划——以尉犁县生态园区为例

Regionalization of Soil Properties and Soil Exploitation and Utilization in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Kongque River ——A Case Study in the Ecological Park in Yuli County

2 0 0 0年对尉犁县生态园区进行了测图、土壤和生物资源调查 ,同时对土壤理化性质进行分析。结果表明 :该区土壤主要类型有 :盐土、盐化和碱化林灌草甸土、风沙土、草甸土等 ;土壤特性为 :盐分含量大 ,特别是碱性强 ;土地资源评价 :农耕地为一、二、三等宜农地 ,其余为二等宜农、宜林、宜牧地 ,限制因素为土壤盐、碱含量和质地 ;土地资源条件为 :地下水位高、风沙大、部分土地受洪水淹没、农业灌溉缺水、生态环境恶化等 ;该区基本代表了塔里木河～孔雀河中下游地区的土壤气候特性。土地开发利用原则以生态环境保护为主 ,低产农田改良为辅 ,方案为 :将受盐、碱限制的部分二等地和全部三等土地 ,进行退耕还林 (草 ) ,共划分出 6个区 :生态胡杨林保护区、高效农业利用区、退耕还林防洪区、退耕还草改土区、旅游开发区、湿地保护区。

In this paper, the physiochemical properties of soils in the ecological park in Yuli County, Xinjiang, are analyzed based on the survey on the soils and biological resources in 2000. The ecological park (86°10′40.46″～86°14′19.8″41°19′20.8″～41°21′29.3″N) is 4.5 km in length from east to west and 1.0～3.5 km in width from south to north. In the park it belongs to the extremely arid continental climate, the annual precipitation is only 43 mm, but the annual evaporation is as high 2 910 mm; it is hot in summer but cold in winter, the annual sunshine duration is 2 975 hours, the total radiation is 633.34 kJ, and the annual accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ is 4 284 ℃. Strong winds and dust weathers occur frequently, and the average seasonal occurrences of dust weathers are 88, 100, 70 and 107 day in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. The study results show that the soils in the study area include the saline soil, salinized or alkalinized forest-shrubbery-herb meadow soil, aeolian soil, meadow soil, etc. The soil properties are the high salt or alkali content in soils. The evaluated results of land resources are as: the farmlands include the lands suitable for farming in grade 1, 2 and 3, the others include the lands suitable for farming in grade 2, afforesting and grazing, and the high salt or alkali content and poor soil texture are the restricting factors. The conditions of land resources are the high groundwater level, serious sand drift disasters, flood disasters for partial lands, shortage in irrigation water, degeneration of the ecological environment, etc. The soils and climate are representative in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River—Kongque River. In the exploitation and utilization of land resources, it is suggested to pay a great attention to the conservation of ecological environment and improve the low-yield farmlands, that is to implement the project of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting in partial farmlands in grade 2 and all the farmlands in grade 3, and the region is divided into 6 subregions, i.e., the subregion of conserving the forests of Populus euphratica, efficiently used agricultural subregion, subregion of withdrawing from farming to afforesting for controlling floods, subregion of improving soils for withdrawing from farming to grass planting, subregion of developing tourism, and subregion of conserving marshes.