新疆草地生态安全问题、现状与对策分析

Analysis on the Problems and Actuality of the Steppe Ecological Security in Xinjiang and the Solving Measures

简要介绍新疆草地生态问题的由来及现状 ,运用新的生态安全理论分析新疆草地生态安全时空特征 ,指出新疆草地生态安全问题是长期人地矛盾不断尖锐与发展演变而来。人口膨胀引起的资源环境破坏、超载过牧造成对资源的掠夺经营等 ,使草地稳定自协调机制破坏 ,草地自然生态系统由稳定走向严重危机 ,并引发新的牧业危机。分析指出 ,实现人地关系的和谐 ,需综合考虑生态、经济、社会历史等方面的因素。其中 ,绿洲区牧民定居点的综合发展水平是维护草地生态安全、实现牧业可持续发展的关键。实现生态安全与可持续发展的主要对策有 :依法监理草地放牧状况、合理利用、改良与保护天然草地、高效经营人工草料基地、提高畜牧业经营水平等。依托的关键技术有 :草地资源监测技术、退化草地治理及草地利用实用技术等。

This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial change of steppe ecological security in Xinjiang by using the recent theory of ecological security after introducing the origin and actuality of the steppe ecological problems in Xinjiang. It is considered that the problems of steppe ecological security in Xinjiang are resulted in by the long-term interaction between human activities and land resources. The self-coordination of steppes and the natural environment are destroyed by the rapid population growth and the overload of livestock, the natural ecosystems of steppes are seriously degenerated, and a new crisis of animal husbandry occurs. It is pointed out that the ecological, economic, social and historical factors should be comprehensively considered so as to achieve the human-land coordination. In which the synthetic development level of the residential areas of herdsmen in oases is the key to maintain the steppe ecological security and achieve the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Some measures are put forward for achieving ecological security and sustainable development, they are to legally carry out the management of grasslands and animal husbandry, rationally utilize, improve and conserve the natural steppes, effectively manage the artificial fodder bases, and increase the management level of animal husbandry. The supporting techniques include the aspects of monitoring steppe resources, regenerating the degenerated steppes, and rationally utilizing steppes.