从性别角度探析规划决策的民主化

A Probe into Gender Consideration in Decision-making

实现规划决策的民主化,有必要树立正确的性别观念,性别作为规划决策的一个重要参考点,其重要性不容忽视。决策过程主要包括体制上的准备、研究与分析、政策发展以及公众参与等阶段,如何将性别观点融入到以上四个阶段,是实现民主决策的关键。

The modern urban planning stresses a more holistic approach-one that is reflective of the diversified composition of society. Mainstreaming equalities in plan making will improve the quality and performance of plan policy. Gender mainstreaming means embedding an acknowledgement of the different needs of women and men into the planning system to make it part of the core agenda rather than an appendix. Gender Mainstreaming takes into account the different roles women and men have in society and the different expectations and requirements they have from the planning system. This cannot be done in isolation from other day-to-day aspects of planning - it is a matter of looking at existing and proposed policy areas through a 'gender lens'.Mainstreaming calls for integrating relevant issues into each stage of the policy making process: preparing the institutional framework; research and analysis; policy development; consultation and participation.Firstly, preparing the institutional framework. Everything depends upon the Local Planning Authority to adopt a positive attitude and provide a supportive political and organizational setting to the mainstreaming process. The 'good planner' will naturally incorporate gender into his or her individual perspective on planning. Nevertheless, much work needs to be done in addition to laying the groundwork in terms of staffing, resources, time, budgets, etc. Some of the institutional changes recommended would require higher-level managerial change within the local authority itself. Secondly, research and analysis. Every plan needs to be based on surveys and analysis of the issues facing the local area and its the future development needs. If a plan is to meet such need, then there has to be an analysis of what is happening to the population, and an identification of the issues that are important to special groups. Integrating gender into the research process depends on the availability of disseminated data for women and men within the location concerned. Thirdly, policy development. Mainstreaming gender in the formulation of policy objectives may be approached in three ways. a) The first approach starts with an understanding of community needs as identified through gendered research and by the needs assessment report as required by the equality standard. Once the needs of particular groups in the local community have been identified, the next step is to think about policy implications. b) The second approach begins with key policy topics such as transportation, housing, employment, tourism, the natural environment, cultural heritage and so on. It is then possible to ask a series of evaluative questions about the impact of each policy area on men, women and/or other groups. c) The third approach incorporates gender equality into other statutory and non-statutory appraisal processes. A gender sensitive perspective can therefore be incorporated into existing appraisal process, eliminating discrimination and maximizing equality benefits.Finally, consultation and participation. Consultation is a fundamental part of plan preparation. Accessibility in all sectors of the community is a key issue for achieving inclusive participation. In order to assist the participation of women, a number of different techniques should be adopted, including arranging weekend and evening meetings for those who work, and providing childcare facilities where necessary. In addition, it is important to hold public meetings and exhibitions in places that are easily accessible.