从“道艺合一”到“道通为一”——庄子技术思想初探

A study of Zhuangzi's thoughts on techonolgy

在对待“道”和“艺”的关系上 ,庄子主张“道”“艺”合一。他认为 :“道进于艺” ,或“道在于艺”。“技进乎道”是庄子思想的灵魂。同时庄子提出“道通为一”的思想 :为达其目标必经分解同合之途。其一 ,“以道观分” ,庄子的意思是 ,“分”与“成”是同一过程 ,不是“分”之外另有“成” ,也不是“成”之外另有“分” ,而只不过从一方面看是“分” ,从另一方面看是“成”。“成”与“毁”亦然。庄子有关“分”、“成”、“毁”的论述是对中国古代工程技术设计思想的总结。其二 ,“不同同之” ,庄子的意思是以道观人察物 ,万物虽种类不同 ,形态万殊 ,但其根本之道是同一的。“合异以为同 ,散同以为异” ,就是要打破时间和空间的差异 ,将不同的时间和空间的东西结合在一起 ,以达到创新的目的。“道通为一”是将个体的“分”与整体的“合”有机地结合起来 ,达到有分有合的境界 。

Regarding to the relation of Dao and arts, Chuangzi thought Dao is more than art, standing for the combination of the two. The unity of Dao and art is the quintessence of Zhuangzi's technology idea. At the mean time he brought up “ all things by means of the Dao are united and became one', thus to achieve the goal one must experience both distinction and construction. First, “ to recognize the distinction by means of the Dao', in which Zhuangzi meant distinction and construction are of a same process, but not one out of the other. Distinction can be regarded as construction from another aspect, so it is with the relation of construction and destruction. Zhuangzi's notion and elaboration on distinction, construction and destruction was a summary of the idea of ancient Chinese engineering and mechanical design. Secondly, “ to recognize the unlike as the like', in which Zhuangzi meant although much diverse as species and forms are, the basic principles are the same if viewed with Dao. Composing, diverse individuals make up the mixed entity, while dispersing the entity gets diverse individuals, which is just meant to break the discrepancy between time and space, and combine different things in different time and space to create new things. To combine distinction of individuals and construction of the entity organically, which Zhuangzi called “All things by means of the Dao are united and become one', is the basis of his idea on technology.