“洋务”一词再辨——兼与杨宗亮先生商榷

An Investigation of the Connotation of the Term “Yangwu” (Foreign Affairs)——A response to Mr. Yang Zongliang

学界对“洋务运动”的研究成果颇丰, 但有的研究者对“洋务”一词的界定还存在片面性。“洋务”一词的含义应包括列强的入侵、清廷对待外敌入侵的回应 (如抵抗、谈判、签定条约、对外交涉等) 及其引申。

The research into the Westernization Movement has been very fruitful, but some scholars’ definition of yangwu is one-sided. The term yangwu connotes invasion of western powers, the Qing government’s response (such as resistance, negotiations and making treaties) to such invasions and its other extensions.