汉语与哈萨克语的语序(下)

A Comparative Study of Word Order in Chinese and Kazakh

汉语中语序具有特殊的地位,由于缺少形态手段,表达语法意义的使命便更多地落在语序上。语序包括词序、狭义语序、逻辑语序三类。逻辑语序是缺乏形态的语言所特需的语序类别。词序在汉语中可成就多种句法结构,而在哈萨克语中则只能成就较少的结构,并且哈萨克语不能单靠词序变化来改变任何句法结构。狭义的语序是调整语气(强调点)的重要手段,在汉语和哈萨克语中均广泛起作用,但具体的形式与表义功能不尽相同。[作者简介]张定京(1956—),男,汉族,北京市人,中央民族大学哈萨克语言文学系教授,突厥语言学博士,研究方向:哈萨克语法学、语法学理论。

In Chinese, word order has special importance, owing to absence of morphological forms, word order has to take more missions in expressing grammatical meanings. In fact, word order includes three undertypes: word order, order of sentence elements, and order of word's logical identity. The last one is unique in languages which are lack in morphological forms. In Chinese, word order can form all types of structure, with its change it can turn a number of structures into new types, but in Kazakh, it can just form few structures, and can change no structure to a new type just by itself. Order of sentence elements is an important means of adjusting the tone focus of a sentence, it plays an extensive role in both Chinese and in Kazakh, but its concrete forms and functions in the two languages are not equally matched.