马克思超越政治正义的政治哲学

On Marx's political philosophy beyond political justice

对于启蒙运动之后的哲学而言, 在政治正义的限度内寻求对人和社会的终极解释, 已经成为替代宗教解释世界的现代方案。可是, 这一现代方案不仅取消了终极自由而且取消了对终极自由的渴望,从而自构了伦理困境。黑格尔洞察到现代性的伦理难题, 试图用一种“补偿性方案”克服之, 却又陷于对国家这一“伦理实体”的抽象肯定。马克思建立了在历史的实践中超越政治正义的政治哲学, 从而确立了一种颠覆现代性的“替代性方案”。正是这一政治哲学的确立, 为马克思“改变世界”的新哲学找到了一个全新的立脚点, 为他走向实践哲学建立了基本通道。

With regard to the philosophy after the Enlightenment, searching for ultimate explanations of human being and society within the limits of political justice has become the modern plan that has taken place of the religious interpretation of the world. But this plan cancelled not only the ultimate freedom itself but the aspiration to ultimate freedom as well, and hence landed itself into the ethical predicament. Hegel saw clearly the ethical predicament of modernity, so he tried to overcome it with a compensatory plan. But he got bogged down in the abstract affirmation of such an ethical entity as nation. Marx founded his political philosophy beyond political justice,i.e. he established an alternative plan which aimed to destroy modernity. This paper aims to show that, it was just the establishment of such a political philosophy that had laid the standpoint for Marx's new philosophy that aims to‘alter the world’, and meanwhile, paved the way for his practical philosophy.