曹魏的封爵制度与食封支出

The System of Granting Titles to the Nobles of Cao Wei(曹魏) and Expenditure of Awards

建安时期是曹魏代汉的政治过渡期,其封爵制度在爵级、爵称、封赏对象等方面大体沿用东汉之制。不过 囿于户口严重减耗,从田租户调获得的财政收入相当有限,为优先保证军费开支,曹魏的列侯食封制度作为一项财政 支出制度,比东汉有较大变化,主要表现为乡亭侯食封户数大为减少。同时,建安时期曹魏极少用进封爵级酬赏军 功,并创设四种“皆不食租”的爵级,也都是出于减少财政支出的考虑。曹魏代汉之后,财政状况大为好转,列侯封 爵制度基本沿用建安之制。不过,由于授封标准放宽,增加了县侯、王侯二类享受大量食邑户的封爵对象,加上曹魏 后期逐步控制政权的司马氏集团,加紧改朝换代的准备,有意将封爵食封作为笼络人心的政治手段和财政手段加以运 用,以致食封支出继续增长。曹魏代汉之后食封支出得以持续增长,是以在籍户口及其租调收入逐渐增多为财政基础 的。

After Cao Wei(曹魏)replacing Eastern Han Dynasty,its finance situation became better,and the system of granting titles to the nobles in Jian'an period continued to be used.Thanks to the relaxation of requirements to this system and Sima family using their political power to buy people's support by political and financial means,the expenditure of awards had been increasing constantly.