压力下的“Choking”:运动竞赛中努力的反常现象及相关因素

Choking under Pressure:Paradoxical Efforts and Suscep tibility in Sports

压力下的“Choking”用来描述运动员在比赛的关键时刻或在重大比赛中发生运动成绩下降的现象。“Choking”与通常所说的“比赛失常”是完全不同的概念。“Choking”是一种心理现象 ,定义为习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象 ,主要与努力有关。但是 ,这样的努力并不能帮助运动员提高或保持成绩。这是因为增加的努力通常会引起意识控制运动过程。而这种意识控制会破坏已有技术的自动执行 ,导致习惯的运动过程发生衰变。采用 3个研究来揭示运动中的“Choking”现象。研究 1测试意识控制运动过程引起运动成绩下降 ;研究 2测试压力增加自我注意引起的成绩下降 ;研究 3测试自我意识和特质性焦虑 ,预测压力下的成绩。对上述 3个研究发现进行理论讨论。

Choking under pressure is used to describe athlete's performance decrease at critical time in competition.Choking under pressure dif fers from inability to performance in competition.It is psychological phenomenon and defined as deterioration in execution of habitual process of performance un der pressure.However,this kind of effort cannot help to improve performance.As e xtra effort leads to process of conscious control,it results in inhibition of au tomatic skill.This article contains three studies to explain the choking phenome non in sports.Study one examines conscious control causing performance decrease on well-learned skill.Study two examines pressure increase self-focus causing decrease of performance.Study three investigates susceptibility to choking in sp orts.Based on three studies,theoretical discussion is carried out.