“抗美援朝”与“援越抗美”——中国如何应对朝鲜战争和越南战争

"Resist the U. S. to Aid Korea "and "Aid Vietnam to Resist the U. S. " --How Did China Deal with the Korean War and the Vietnam War

朝鲜战争和越南战争是第二次世界大战之后发生在亚洲的两场大规模局部战争。朝鲜战争爆发后,中共中央做出了出兵抗关援朝的决策。这一决策过程可以说是新中国经历的第一次重大危机处理。在越南战争发展的过程中,中方在援越抗美方针指导下采取了循序渐进的对策。只是在应对美国从特种战争向局部战争升级时,决策才带有危机处理的性质。本文分析了这两次决策的过程,并以这两次决策为案例,初步总结了中方危机处理的决策程序、机制、原则和基本思路。由于中关双方的原因,在这两场战争中,中国与美国对抗的形式和结果大不相同:第一次是直接对抗,导致了两国的长期隔绝;第二次是间接对抗,对抗尚未完结两国就走上了缓和之路。

The Korean War and Vietnam War were two regional wars in Asia after the end of the World War Ⅱ. During the Korean War, the top Chinese leaders decided to send volunteer troops to North Korea. The decision - making process behind this can be regarded as the first major event of crisis management after the founding of the PRC. During the Vietnam War, China adopted a policy of proceeding in an orderly way under the guideline of aiding Vietnam to resist U.S. aggression. It was only when the special warfare escalated into regional warfare that the decision-making process could be called crisis management. This paper describes and analyzes these two processes of policy - making, including the procedures, mechanisms, principles, and basic thought behind the resolution of these crises. The forms and results of these two wars were quite different: during the Korean War, the two sides confronted one another face to face, whereas during the Vietnam War, the two sides confronted one another indirectly and the tensions between the two countries tended to ease up even before the end of the confrontation.