孔子的方法学——从本体诠释学模式研究孔子哲学

The Methodology of Confucius ——Research on the Confucian Philosophy from the Mode of Onto-hermeneutics

探索“建构性的后现代哲学”,必先摆脱从前哲学所构作的一些基本框架,以新的方法、新的思路来思考。从中国哲学的思维特质看,本体论与方法学却是可以同时并存,而成为一体的两面。孔子所论的仁,本身是人性的本体,但也是一自动自发地实现自身价值的方法,仁之“方”有方法的意思,是“由本体衍生方法”,再“由方法去揭示本体,诠释本体”,寻求诠释学和方法学的汇合。一切德行,都是“实然”世界的实践,要求将实然带向“应然”。而仁则是一切应然的潜能,为应然价值的本体,我们可称之为“本然”的价值。这本体是一切德行的整体,也是其所以可能的条件。仁作为“一个像样的人”之要求,是需要“使人化为人”的“过程”,使仁体得以全幅实现,达至理想的人格。从对方法的描述,到方法论的反省,是两层的反省,这方法首先是一反省自己的方法,进而对这反省本身再加以反省,为方法论的反省,这是中国哲学最早的诠释学思维。儒学这方法和方法论的特色,是一相关互动的方法,一是由反省自己之仁以诠释他人,另一是反省他人之仁以启发和诠释自己。总结仁的概念,一面是作为潜质的本体,另一面是将之实现的过程,要求用各种修养的方法和德行的实践,去使仁体显露。这构成“仁”哲学之三方面:作为潜质的本体,将之实现的过程和方法。

To explore the “constructive postmodern philosophy”, we should cast off some basic frameworks set by the former philosophy first and consider in new method and thinking. Yet viewed from the thinking characteristics of Chinese philosophy, the ontology and methodology could exist simultaneously and be the two sides of one entity. On the one hand, the benevolence discussed by Confucius is the human nature itself, but on the other hand, it is also one way to realize one’s value spontaneously, seeking for the convergence of methodology and hermeneutics. The two layers of reflection, from the description of method to the reflection to the methodology, is the earliest hermeneutic thinking in Chinese philosophy. The philosophy of benevolence is consisted of three aspects: the potential noumenon, the process and method to realize it, and the purpose to realize the entity. It is most meaningful that the benevolence is the noumenon as well as the method, and that can be called as the “onto-hermeneutics”.