说“军吏”——从长沙走马楼吴简谈起

On the “Li” in the Army ——From the Wu Slips of Zouma Tower in Changsha

“军吏”涵义在先秦时指军队中除士兵之外的各级军官,战国时期层级有所下移,指将军以下的中下级军官。汉代以校尉为将军与军吏的分界线,此外幕府中的各色吏员亦属“军吏”范畴。魏晋南北朝沿袭汉制,也以将领所辖中下级军官和军府属吏为“军吏”,不过,“军吏”与将军并非截然划分,而具有一定的相对性。由于“军吏”范围宽泛,其上下层之地位亦相去悬远。吴简中的“军吏”属于军中下层吏员。他们与其他“吏民”一样被编入基层户籍,在经济上与其他编户齐民一样都有“名田”的权利和赋徭的义务,在政治上同样都有赐爵的权利。“军吏”在吴简中的六种“吏民”中,其待遇、地位等同或略高于普通农民和“卒”,而低于“士”、“复民”和“吏”。吴简中的“军吏”与刘宋时期始兴郡“大田武吏”无必然联系,后者是地方武装性质的“兵”而非“吏”。

The meaning of “li” in the army refereed to the different ranks of officers except the soldiers during the pre-Qin period, and refereed to the officers of middle and low ranks below the general. In the Han Dynasty, Jiaowei acted as the boundary between the general and the “li”, and kinds of clerks in the offices of generals also belonged to the category. The latter Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties continued the system, but the two concepts were not completely different but comparative. The “li” in the army in the Wu slips belongs to the officers of middle and low ranks in the army. They are arranged into the basic census register, having the same rights of land and duties of tax and labor in economics, and the same rights to be awarded the titles in politics as other people. The “li” in the army in the Wu slips is equal or somehow higher than the common peasants and soldiers, but lower than scholars and officers. It has no certain relation with the soldiers of local armed forces in the Liu-Song Period.