生态博物馆理念及其在少数民族社区景观保护中的作用——以贵州梭嘎生态博物馆为例

ECO-MUSEUM CONCEPTION AND CHINESE APPLICATION -A CASE STUDY IN MIAO VILLAGES, SUOGA,GUIZHOU PROVINCE

生态博物馆是兴起于20世纪70年代的一种创新的文化景观保护与展示方式,其基本理念是以生态学为基础,以特定地域某一特定群体的全部文化内涵为展示内容。与传统博物馆相比,其最明显的创新在于,它以社区为基础,以就地保护的方式进行原生态状况下的"活态文化遗产"的保护和展示。中挪合作项目贵州梭嘎生态博物馆是中国和亚洲第一座生态博物馆,是以"长角苗"民族文化景观为特征,由12个相连的苗族山区村寨组成。馆区自开放以来已接待了大量的参观游览者,在充分发挥其良好的社会展示功能的同时,也获得了较好的经济效益。从梭嘎生态博物馆的建设与运行中,也发现了一些值得进一步探讨的问题,如展示与保护内容的界定问题、文化保护与旅游发展的关系处理问题、区内接待规模与环境容量的测定问题,等等。

Eco-museum, a concept that was firstly introduced in the 1970s, is an emerging apparatus for preserving ethnic groups' cultural heritages through living form of exhibition. The fundamental rationales of eco-museum lie in the theoretical foundation of ecology discipline. It is exercised through the display of a specific group's entire cultural attributes within a specific geographical location. Eco-museum is distinctively different from its conventional counterparts not only for its visual forms but also for its predominately community-based and locality-driven approach and for its abilities to preserve authenticity locally through a 'living' style of display. This paper is an exploratory study discussing the application of eco-museum in a Miao minority village in Suoga, Guizhou, China. It provides the background of the establishment of Suoga Eco-museum and identifies the opportunities and impacts that eco-museum presents to the minority villagers. It also examines problems associated with the development of an eco-museum: the search of local eco-museum definition, staged performance for tourism versus heritage preservation for sustainable development, and the adequate environmental capacity to accommodate tourist demands, and so on.