试论现代汉语外来词吸收方式的变化及原因

A tentative discussion on how and why the way of taking in loan words in modern Chinese changes

汉民族在吸收外来词的时候,创造了各种方式,并根据时代的变迁不断进行调整优化,对外来词进行吸收与融合,表现了中华民族、中华文化巨大的包容性、创新精神和对外来文化的融汇能力。现代汉语在吸收外来词的时候,由于语言、文化、社会的各方面原因,其吸收方式在各个时期也随之发生变化,表现在三方面:从纯音译(早期)到意泽;音译的表意化倾向;纯音译的回潮与字母词的涌现。这些变化的出现是由现代汉语的特点、文化心理和社会进步的影响等几个方面决定的,而面对当代外来词的一词多译现象,可以建立"柔性规范",采用"异形并存"和"异格并用"原则来解决。

There are all kinds of ways that Chinese have created to take in a great number of loan words. They have been perfecting these ways with the changing of the times in order to choose, take in and accept loan words better. It shows great capacity and creativity of Chinese people and Chinese culture, including the ability of accepting foreign culture. For the reason of language, culture and society, the way of taking in loan words in modern Chinese changes with the time, that is, from complete transliteration (in early stage) to free translation, the trend of being ideographic in transliteration, the resurgence of complete transliteration and the emergence of letter words in large numbers. In order to make a deep research of the reason why it changes, the article studies the features of modern Chinese, the related cultural psychology and the development of society. To deal with the problem of multi-translations of loan words in modern Chinese, we should set up flexible standard and adopt the principle which permits different forms and styles to coexist and to be used.