乡村景观分类的方法探析——以北京市海淀区白家疃村为例

Methodology of Rural Landscape Classification: A Case Study in Baijiatuan Village,Haidian District, Beijing

景观分类既是景观结构与功能研究的基础,又是开展景观评价、规划与设计的前提条件,是景观生态学理论与实践相结合的桥梁和纽带。但是,目前国内外对景观分类理论和方法的研究还不够,对乡村景观分类的详细探讨更是不足。本文在借鉴国内外景观分类理论和方法的基础上,针对乡村景观规划的要求和我国乡村景观的特点,提出了一种乡村尺度的景观功能形态分类方法,即采用景观区、景观类、景观亚类和景观单元四级分类体系。在此基础上,以地貌类型和土地利用方式比较典型的北京市海淀区白家疃村为实例进行了详细的景观类型划分,共划分了1个景观区、3个景观类、9个景观亚类和28个景观单元,并借助于GIS,进一步编制了白家疃村景观分类图。结果表明,该方法能够反映实际存在的各种景观类型,充分考虑到了影响乡村景观类型的自然因素和人为因素,能够满足大比例尺的乡村景观制图和乡村景观规划的需要,体现了乡村景观的特点,是一种比较综合的实用性方法。

Landscape classification is not only the basis of the research on landscape structure and function, also the prerequisite for landscape evaluation, landscape planning and landscape design, which integrates the landscape theories and practices properly. However, Theories and methodologies of landscape classification, especially of rural landscape, have not been paid enough attention so far. It is therefore very necessary for China to study rural landscape classification that is beneficial to sustainable development of rural landscape. After having reviewed, analyzed and discussed the theory and methodology of landscape classification, based on the requirements of landscape planning and the characteristics of rural landscape in China, the paper proposed methodology of structural classification of landscape based on its functions at rural scales, which includes four-layers' classification system of landscape region, landscape type, landscape subtype and landscape unit. A case study on rural landscape classification is carried out in a typical region named Baijiatuan village in Haidian district, Beijing municipality, which has diversified physiognomies and land use types. As a result, one landscape region, three landscape types, nine landscape subtypes and 28 landscape units are classified, and then with the help of GIS, according to landscape classification system in Baijiatuan village, the map of landscape classification of Baijiatuan village is drawn. The results of landscape classification in Bajiatuan village indicate that the classification of function and structure of rural landscape is a comprehensive and applicable method that can meet the requirements of both rural landscape planning and rural landscape mapping at large scale. It also represents the characteristics of rural landscape in China. Landscape units that are classified by physiognomy and land use unit consider obvious spatial configurations and relative single land utilization types, and the classification indicators can be quantified easily. It not just takes physical factors and human factors that have effect on rural landscape classification into account, but also reflects various kinds of landscape types existing in reality.