结构·秩序·宽容——论多数原则的限度

Structure, Order and Tolerance ——Limits of Majority Principle

多数原则是民主决策的关键性规则。多数原则从诞生开始,就伴随着“限制多数,保护少数”的议题。文章认为可以从多数原则的结构特征、程序特性以及文化建构三个方面限制多数与保护少数。首先,多数的开放性为限制多数与保护少数提供理论前提;多数的可替换性为限制多数与保护少数提供现实基础;多数的流动性与可变性为限制多数与保护少数提供实践依据。其次,程序是多数原则自律约束的内控装置;程序是监督制约多数原则的平衡杠杆;程序是多数原则修正纠错的过滤器;程序是促进多数原则协调稳定发展的助推器。最后,可以通过相互延期补偿达成正和决策、给少数人更多的自主治理、建立多元主义共同体等途径,建立限制多数、保护少数的机制。

Mojority principle is the key rule of democratic decision-making, but there are issues of 'Limiting the majority, protecting the minority' since the birth of the majority principle. It is proposed in this article that to limit the majority and protect the minority needs the study of structure characteristics, procedure feature and culture constructing of the majority principle. Firstly, the openness of the majority provides the theoretical premise, the substitutable feature provides the foundation, and the mobility and changeable feature provides practical base. Secondly, procedure is the inter-controlling device restricting self-discipline, balancing lever supervising and filter of mistake correcting. At last, it is concluded that to build a system restricting the majority and protecting the minority may be achieved by interactive compensation of postponing in decision-making, or more self-administration for the minority with multiple communities.