美国坦帕湾地区供水策略介析

Introduction and analysis of water supply policies in the Tampa Bay area

世界范围内的水资源和水环境问题越来越突出。首先系统介绍了美国弗罗里达州坦帕湾地区的水资源利用现状和供水管理策略,对该地区的地表水、地下水、海水淡化和废水利用的情况作了详细分析。该地区从以地下水为主的供水方式,改变为地表水、地下水、海水淡化各占1/3的供水方式的规划思想、经济分析以及管理措施具有积极的参考意义。针对我国的客观背景,进一步探讨了城市供水的挖潜途径,雨水直接回收和中水利用是城市节水的两个有效方式,沿海地区则应对海水淡化予以重视;对于广大的农村乡镇,雨水集水塘和小型平原水库则是提高农村供水条件和改善水环境的一种有效措施。

With the social and economical development, the worldwide problem of water shortage becomes more and more serious. To introduce the experience of the water resources management in other countries, the paper presents the water resources and the water supply management policy in Tampa Bay area. The water resources in Tampa Bay area mainly rely on groundwater at present. It has a positive effect on the planning, the economic analysis and the management method of changing the resource of water supply from mainly groundwater (75% of total water supply) to a uniform distribution of surface water, ground water and desalinated water (1/3 of each). Referring to the success of Tampa, some of new possible water supply measures are discussed based on the practical background in China. The direct use of rainwater and the reuse of treated wastewater are two effective water saving methods in urban area. Desalinated water will play a great rule in the coastal cities. For the wide rural area, rainwater collection ponds and small plain reservoirs may be good measures to improve their water supply condition and water environment.