道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响

Ecological effects of roads on terrestrial animals

道路网络为大多数景观所共同具有的空间特征,在增进社会财富、方便人们生活的同时,也会产生严重的生态学后果。就道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响进行了综述。道路交通导致动物死亡,已成为野生脊椎动物死亡的首要原因;阻碍动物个体在同种种群间的交流以及在互补性资源间的周期性迁移;迫使森林内部种、边缘敏感种主动回避道路栖息地;导致道路区域栖息鸟类繁殖下降;有利于小型物种沿道路边缘扩散,造成生物入侵。道路区域为一种特殊的边缘,对一些边缘物种以及其它被吸引过来的动物来说是一种死亡陷阱。这些影响的综合作用会导致孤立的小种群问题。

Roads are widespread and increasing feature of most landscapes.The road networks increase the society wealth and make people's life more convenient,whereas they also result in serious ecological problems.We reviewed the ecological effects of roads on terrestrial animals.There are five general effects: mortality from road construction and collision with vehicles,which has been a primary lethal factor for vertebrates; barrier to movements between conspecies populations and complementary resources for individuals of terrestrial animals; road avoidance of forest-interior and edge-sensitive species; reproduction depression of the avian; and biotic invasion facilitated by dispersal of small wildlives along road edge.Road verge,as a special edge,is an ecological mortality trap for edge species and other animals attracted onto the physically and chemically modified environment of road habitat.The problem of isolated small population can be exacerbated by the combined impacts of those five effects above,which will inevitably reduce the persistence probability for populations of the vulnerable and endangered wildlives.