中国上古的官学特征——围绕《易·系辞上传》"形而上"章所作的解析

Characteristics of the Official Academy of Pre-Qin Dynasties——An Analysis About the Chapter of "Metaphysics" (形而上) of An Interpretation of Zhouyi(《周易》)

本文由《易传》的官学传统分析其具体性的学术特征。以《系辞上传》第十二章的上下文语境为主,指出文中"形而上"之所指乃"当下未形"之状,所以此"道"近似《易传》屡屡提及的"(?)"之语义。由此出发,分析了"形而上"之"道"的形式化过程:"形而上"→"形以前"(汉)→"形"之"上"(魏、晋、隋、唐)→"形而上"之"理(宋)。通过比较以评价《易传》"形而上学"的得失:由对"当下未形"之"(?)"的把握,而重视感受性及知识中的"默会"成份,由此导向重视知识及境界的圆融性,不主抽象偏执;但感受性须落实到具体个体,不利于纯粹知识系统的建立。由对"当下"状态的重视,而强调"道"的合(人)情、合(天)理、合(法)则,不以偏概全,而以"时"为"中";但"随时变异以从道",客观上不利于"正义"观念的绝对化,所以中国缺少"自然法"传统。用"中"之"道"在"王"则容易蔽于"具体的政治性",而以"时""中"为手段,在百姓则容易流为"乡愿"的两可态度。"道德"和"法"的绝对化、神圣性皆付阙如。

This paper analyses the specific academic characteristics of the book Zhouyi or Book of Changes (《周易》) through its official literature tradition, and points out that the 'metaphysics' in the text refers to a 'presently unrevealed' status by mainly depending on the context of the twelfth chapter, thus the 'doctrine' resembles the frequently formative process of 'Dao(doctrine)'of 'Metaphysics'. This paper comments on the gains and losses of 'Metaphysics' in the book by comparison. With hold of 'omen' of the 'presently unrevealed', it puts emphasis on sensation and 'silent comprehension' components of knowledge, thus leading to the smoothness and involvement with an emphasis on knowledge and atmosphere and against abstraction and partiality; but sensation must be put to specific individuals, and does no good to the establishment of a pure-knowledge system.With an emphasis on the 'present' status and 'Dao(doctrine)', conforming to human nature, reason, laws, it takes 'Shi(reason)'as its 'Zhong(laws)',but not taking parts as whole. But 'changing as reason changes for doctrine' is not good to the absoluteness of the concept 'justice', thus China lacks the tradition of 'natural law'. The 'Dao(doctrine)'of'Zhong(laws)'in'Wang(reunification)'easily leads to 'concrete politics', while taking 'Shi(reason)'and 'Zhong(laws)'as its means easily results in an equivocal attitude of 'provincial wishes' among the Populace. The absoluteness and sanctity of 'morality' and 'laws' both vanishes.