制度变迁的比较分析

A Comparative Analysis of Institutional Changes

以突破性文明为特征的西方文明体系,注重技术、贸易程序,且政权始终处于分散和相互竞争的状态,无法形成超强干预,追逐利益自然成为制度变迁的基点。与之相应,构建有效的激励结构成为制度变迁的动力,社会开放度、人口增长、宗教改革、权力结构等因素影响着制度变迁进程。以中国为代表的东方文明体系,政治、经济、文化、社会高度一统,权力是文明体系的核心和制度变迁的基点,政权理性化程度相应成为制度变迁的动力,国家意愿、国家能力、文化惯性与惰性、强有力的外部挑战及生存压力等因素制约着制度变迁的进程。对后一种制度变迁而言,正式规则、非正式规则、实施机制三者间必须合理配置,协同演进,才能充分实现制度创设的初始目的。

The civilization system of Western world accentuates the procedure of technology and trade and its kaiserdom is always kept in a state of fragmentation and competition, so it cannot intervene overly and the institutional change is based on benefit-pursuing.Accordingly,the impetus of institutional change is how to construct an effective incentive structure, and the factors which affect institutional change are composed of opening degree of society, growth of population, reform of religion and structure of power. The oriental civilization system is an integrative complex of politics, economy, culture and society, and political power is the center of the whole system and the basis of institutional change. At the same time, the factors which restrict institutional change are composed of preference of state, capability of state, cultural inertia, powerful challenge from outside world and survival pressure. As far as the latter is concerned, if it deals with relationships among formal rules, informal rules and implementation mechanism rationally, the primary goal of institutional design can be achieved.