18世纪末19世纪初中国的流动人口——以嘉庆朝刑科题本档案资料为范围

Floating Population of China in the Early of the 19^(th) Century and the End of the 18^(th) Century

从中国第一历史档案馆所藏的“内阁全宗·刑科题本·土地债务类·嘉庆朝”档案资料,可以梳理出18世纪末期19世纪前期流动人口的移动方向、职业和生活状况。其时,后世发生的“闯关东”的现象业已萌生,由于清朝辖区的扩大和稳定,提供了人口密集地区的居民移动的新去处;“湖广填四川”仍然在继续;流动人口的职业,具有卑微性、多样性和不稳定性的特点;流动人口的生活没有保障,一部分人没有家庭生活,生活状况相当悲惨。

The floating direction, occupation and living condition of the floating population in the early of the 19^(th) century and the end of the 18^(th) century were recounted by using file materials: 'cabinet fonds · punishment copies · land debts · Jiaqing Dynasty' stored in the First Historical Archives of China. The results of analyzing these materials showed that the phenomena of 'the people of the North China emigrated to the Northeast' had germinated in aftertime, and the enlargement and stability of territory governed by the Qing Dynasty had offered a new inhabitancy for the residents who lived in densely populated area; The phenomena of 'migrating from Hubei-Hunan into Sichuan' was still continued; The floating population's occupation had the characteristics of lowliness, multiformity and instability; The floating population had no living guarantee and some of them lived quite miserable, which was the basic reason of often causing homicide cases.