论北宋制衡三衙的相关措施

On the Measures of Controlling the San Ya in the Northern Song Dynasty

三衙,全名为殿前都指挥使司、侍卫亲军马军都指挥使司和侍卫亲军步军都指挥使司,是北宋禁、厢诸军常设之统帅机构。其帅,宋人称作“三帅”、“管军臣僚”,或简称“管军”。三衙制度,与募兵制取代征兵制相适应,肇始于唐末五代,至北宋方渐趋于定型。它的确立,首先解决了中唐以降的藩镇割据问题,兵权由地方集中到中央得以实现。在此基础之上,从宋太祖开始的北宋统治者,本着“兵权宜分不宜专”的原则,又从合理调整三衙与枢密院、皇城司以及帅臣之间的关系入手,构建了三衙、枢密使、皇城司主管宦官、帅臣之间彼此相互制衡的严密体系,并加强了台谏对三衙的监察,和皇帝对军政的亲自干预,从而进一步实现了兵权向皇帝手中的集中。

The San ya(三衙, three yamuns), whose full name is 殿前都指挥使司,侍卫亲军马军都指挥使司and侍卫亲军步军都指挥使司,is the permanent supreme commanding institute of the imperial and local army in the Northern Song Dynasty. Its commander was called 'san-shuai'(three commanders in chief)、'guan- jun chen- liao'( 管军臣僚) or 'guan-jun'( 管军)for short. The San ya system, accommodating to the changed conditions that the mercenary system replaced the conscription system, initiated in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and got definitized in the Northern Song Dynasty. The establishment of the San ya gave an end to the military governors' separatist rule that appeared since the middle period of the Tang Dynasty, and thus the military power was controlled by the central government.