法治的距离——中国国有企业法现象的实证分析

The Distance of Rule of Law

考察法治理论的源流,法治真谛大抵有四种表达:法治必须成为社会普适性的信仰;法治必须成为社会的基础秩序性依赖;政府必须守法而成为法治的典范;民本应该成为法治的灵魂。以中国国有企业法现象作为案例,并将其放在法治框架下进行实证分析,折射出来的恰恰是法治未能实现的一个片断:企业法没有成为公民的信仰;政府没有成为遵守企业法的典范;企业法的模糊性违背了法律的理性从而在实践中造成变形;转型期的立法现实也造成了企业法的被弃置。可以看出,法治理论在中国可能存在被误读的情形。也就是说,在中国,文本法治离社会法治尚有一定的距离。企业法为什么没有从文本法治走向社会法治? 中国法学家和经济学家对此的看法大体有三:一是文本论,认为因企业法文本质量不高导致适用困难;二是解释论,认为因法解释学的不发达而导致对实践的无能为力;三是实践论,认为因转型实践现实的复杂易变导致适用困难。然而,文本论者看到的是表像,解释论者只是搬运西方的框架,实践论者观察到的也仅是实像的一部分。真正要缩短文本法治与社会法治的距离,最佳选择是实现法调节范式的转换。

Through the investigation of the sources of the theory of ruling of law, four expressions of the essence of ruling of law have been identified. As a positive case, the phenomenon of the law of SOE analyzed under the framework of ruling of law, reflects a fragment of the fact that ruling of law hasn't realized in China. From this analysis, it is obvious that, there is a possible misreading on the theory of ruling of law in China. That is to say, there is some distance between the 'text type' and 'social type' ruling of law. Why the enterprise law did not transform from 'text type' to 'social type' ruling of law? There are roughly three opinions on this issue from the Jurist and Economist in China: the 'text' explanation attributes it to the cheesy quality of the enterprise law which makes it difficult to apply the law; the 'hermeneutic' explanation attributes it to the immature of hermeneutic theory that makes it impossible to guide the practice; the 'practice' explanation attributes it to complexity of the transitional reality which makes it difficult to apply the law. But, the first one only observes the presence; the second one only carries the western framework; the third one only observes a part of real image. The best choice for shortening the distance of 'text type' to 'social type' ruling of law is to realize the transformation towards modulatory paradigm of law.