论传统“大同”与“小康”的理想社会秩序观

On Traditional Ideas of Datong and Xiaokang as Ideal Social Orders

《札记·礼运》的“大同”与“小康”,是中国古代社会理想的经典概括。从宇宙星象的时间—空间秩序抽象而来的天道,是论证大同世界与小康社会的思想背景,所以,无论大同还是小康,都是以“道”为终极根据,追求理想的社会秩序:伦理秩序、生活秩序。因大道之彰隐不同,从而体现天道的社会形态不同,使得社会互动准则也就不同:“公”与“札”是分析大同与小康的关键词。大道流行,“公”作为一种价值理性,是整合社会秩序的基本准则;而大道隐没,来自宇宙天道的终极根据萎缩,于是,“礼”作为一种工具理性,成为规范社会秩序的另类选择。因此,大同与小康殊途同归。

Datong and Xiaokang are classic concepts of utopia in ancient China. The doctrine of heavenly law abstracted from the time-space structure of the cosmic is the theoretical background and the ultimate basis of the Datong and Xiaokang. The gist of Datong and Xiaokang is pursuing ideal social order, both ethical and living. The showing or hiding of the heavenly law produces different social forms and different norms of social intercourse. Impartiality and rites are the