农家负债与地权异动——以20世纪30年代前期长江中下游地区农村为中心

Peasant Household Debt and Shifts in Land Ownership: Centered on Rural Areas of the Lower Yangzi in the Early 1930s

关于20世纪30年代前期中国农村地权变化,学者大致有三种见解,即“集中说”、“分散说”和“现状说”。本文以抗战前湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏和浙江六省农村为中心,以农家负债和地权异动为视角,从农户土地典押借贷比例,由土地典押借贷到丧失地权的可能性与现实性,农户因土地典押借贷引起地权丧失的实况,中、微观和宏观两个层面的地权变化等方面,论证抗战前长江中下游地区地权处于集中时期。并且从地权异动的状况论证30年代前期长江中下游地区地权集中具有普遍性、不剧烈性,从地权异动之后的土地流向论证土地兼并者的非农民性程度加强,从30年代前期地权变化在20世纪上半期中的地位,论证此次地权集中具有转折性。同时还对土地买卖与地权变化在农户通融资金中的意义进行分析,探讨30年代前期土地市场清淡对农家经济的影响,并由此说明20世纪30年代前期中国农村所面临的前所未有的严峻形势。

There are three views on changes in land ownership in Chinese rural areas in the early 1930s: the 'theory of concentration', the 'theory of decentralization' and the 'theory of continuity. ' Looking at rural areas of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces before the War of Resistance against Japan from the perspective of rural household debt and shifts in land ownership, this paper proves that the Lower Yangzi region was undergoing a period of concentration before the war, as shown by the proportion of farming households which had mortgaged their land, the possibility and reality that mortgaging land could result in losing ownership of the land, the actual situation in which farming households lost their land because it had been mortgaged, and changes in land ownership on the the micro arid macro levels. Additionally, this paper proves that the concentration of land ownership in the Lower Yangzi region during the early 1930s was widespread and ongoing, based on the state of the shift in land ownership; demonstrates that there was an increase in detachment from farming activities among those who were annexing land, as shown by the direction in which land flowed after the shift in land ownership; and shows that this concentration of land ownership was a pivotal event, because of the place of the early 1930s changes in land ownership in the first half of the 20th Century. At the same time, this paper also analyzes what buying and selling land and changes in land ownership meant for short-term loans for rural households, examines in depth the influence of the weakness of the land market in the early 1930s on the rural household economy, and explains the unprecedentedly severe conditions faced by Chinese fanning villages in the early 1930s.