北京市外资制造企业的区位分析

Locational Study of Foreign Enterprises in Beijing Based on an Ordered Probit Model

基于第二次基本单位普查资料,采用OPM模型分析北京制造业外资企业的区位行为.研究表明,外资企业的集聚程度由城内向外显著递减,依托交通干线和开发区,外资企业已经扩散到了北京的郊区县,推动了制造业的郊区化发展.统计结果显示,企业、产业和集聚因素共同决定了制造业外资企业的区位选择.规模较大的、新建的外资企业倾向于近郊区,而多种经营的、独资的企业则偏好城内,尤其在二～四环之间,集聚经济推动了制造业外资企业的郊区化.外资企业的区位行为存在显著的产业差异.

Foreign direct investment has been a key driving force for China's urban development since the economic reform and opening up. Beijing is one of the favored locations by foreign investors. Foreign enterprises in Beijing have played a significant role in restructuring its production spaces and industrial compositions. Compared with their domestic counterparts, foreign enterprises are rational decision-makers and have more flexibility and freedom in choosing their locations. Governed by market forces, foreign enterprises are not randomly distributed within a city and their locational patterns are detectable. Based on data from the second census of basic units, this paper attempts to picture the spatial patterns of foreign enterprises in Beijing. Efforts are further made to investigate the locational behavior of foreign enterprises by incorporating firm-specific, industry-specific and location-specific factors in an ordered probit model (OPM). Empirical results show that foreign enterprises in manufacturing tend to agglomerate in the central city, but being diffused to the remote suburbs and having indeed promoted the industrial suburbanization in Beijing. Statistical results suggest that large and newly established manufacturing enterprises favor the suburbs while wholly foreign owned manufacturing enterprises and those producing multiple types of products tend to locate in the inner city. Industrial agglomeration pushes foreign manufacturers to the suburbs. Industry-specific factors play a crucial role in determining locations of foreign enterprises in Beijing. Those in resource and labor intensive sectors are inclined to locate in the suburbs while those in capital and technology intensive sectors are likely to favor the central city. The results have important policy implications for urban industrial restructuring in Beijing.