肋间神经压榨止痛的实验与临床研究

Experimental and Clinical Study on Analgesic Effect of Intercostal Nerve Crush

目的探讨压榨肋间神经对开胸术后切口疼痛的止痛效果。方法建立家兔肋间神经压榨损伤模型,观察病理改变及修复过程,寻找出可供临床应用的最佳压榨程度。按此过程采用随机双盲法将210例开胸手术患者随机分为肋间神经压榨组(A组),压榨+药物浸润组(B组)和对照组。A组在关胸前常规钳夹切口及其上下各一肋间以及放置引流管的肋间神经根部,根据视觉模拟评分法观察术后切口疼痛及度冷丁使用情况;B组在A组的基础上将布吡卡因5ml浸润引流管处的肋间神经干;对照组未行钳夹或药物浸润止痛。B组和对照组的其他处理同A组。三组患者分别于术后第3,7,15和30d测定动脉血氧饱和度。结果随着钳夹程度的加大神经轴索髓鞘的病理损害逐渐加重,但4～6周后均恢复正常;将血管钳锁至第3牙,维持60s能够有效止痛。临床应用中A组、B组止痛效果极为满意,术后3d内镇痛优良率分别为97.1%和98.6%,对照组为0%,A组、B组优良率明显高于对照组(P<0.001,0.001);A组和B组间比较差别无统计学意义(P=0.897)。度冷丁用量A组为40.20±4.12mg,B组为35.42±3.31mg,对照组为135.10±8.17mg,A组、B组度冷丁用量明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。三组患者动脉血氧饱和度差别无统计学意义(P=0.475)。结论钳夹肋间神经操作方法简单,止痛迅速而持久,可改善呼吸功能,

Objective To study the analgesic effect of intercostal nerve crush after thoracotomy. Methods Model of forceps crushing of intercostal nerve in 20 rabbits was made pathological changes and repairing process of the nerve were observed in order to identify the best forceps crushing degree that could be used clinically. Prospective double-blind randomized trial in 210 patients who had undergone thoracotomy was carried out from February 1996 to June 2002,and were divided into three groups. Intercostal nerve forceps crushing group (group A):before closing chest,4 routes of costal nerves(incision,above and below incision, and one for inserting drainage tube)were dissected and squeezed with forceps. Intercostal nerve forceps crushing with anaesthetic drugs infiltration group (group B):based on intercostal nerve forceps crush, the intercostal nerve in the chest tube location was infiltrated with bupivacaine hydrochloride 5ml, and control group. Postoperative incisional pain was recorded by visual analogue scales (VAS) including recording the dosage of dolantin needed, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO_2) on 3,7,15,and ~30 d after operation. Results Pathological changes of the axons and myelin sheaths progressed by the degree of crushing, but recovered in 4-6 weeks. The blood vessel microhemostat was locked to the third teeth and lasting for 30 seconds, the effective analgesia and quick recovery were provided. The clinical use of nerve crush was made with the same procedure which showed strong analgesic effect in both group A and group B. The total effective rate in 3 d after operation was 97.1%,98.6% and 0% in group A, B, and the control group respectively, and group A, B was significantly higher than that in contral group (P<0.001, 0.001); dosage of dolantin administration in group A,B and control group was 40.20±4.12mg, 35.42±3.31mg and ~135.10± 8.17mg respectively (P<0.01). There was no statistically difference in SaO_2 for three groups (P=0.475). Conclusion The intercostal nerve crush is an available and lasting analgesic procedure to relieve postoperative pain of thoracotomy. The technique is simple and can improve respiratory function and accelerate sputum to be coughed up. It can also decrease the opportunity of pulmonary infection. Intercostal nerve may regenerate and recover its function although if it is temporary contused.