两次学术革命与大学的两次转型

Two Academic Revolutions: From Research University to Entrepreneurial University

自中世纪创立大学以来,经历了两次“学术革命”,即先后将“研究”和“创业”作为新的学术任务引入,相应地也孕育了两种全新的大学理念和模式:研究型大学和创业型大学。创业型大学是在研究型大学的基础上成长起来的,是研究型大学的进一步发展和深化,并以其创业活动和实质性贡献引导着大学发展的新方向。

The university has experienced the first and the second academic revolutions since its founding in the Middle Ages. At the beginning of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century, ″research″ and (″developing economy″) were introduced separately into universities as new academic roles. Accordingly, two brand-new university ideas and models were bred, namely, research university and entrepreneurial university. At the beginning of the 19th century, the idea of the university of Wilhelm Von Humboldt brought the first academic revolution: research became a new academic role. The university not only cultivated the talents, but also developed research. From then on, part of the teaching universities began transforming to research universities. The first such university emerged in Germany, and advocated that the university should do research for pure science. American research universities developed on the basis of the experiences of German research universities, and shaped the appropriate patterns through a series of innovations. It was these American research universities that played the vital roles in scientific research in World War Ⅱ, and then won the global leading position in science and research for USA.The second academic revolution means that since the 1980s the university has assumed the economic development role in addition to the teaching and research roles. Since 1980, the U.S. federal government promulgated a series of important acts in order to promote technological innovation and facilitate the technology transfer and collaboration between universities and industries. The universities have begun to participate in various economic activities in a variety of forms. They constructively collaborated with industry and government, served the national and regional economy. Thus, entrepreneurial universities sprang up in the entire world. The entrepreneurial activities of the universities were mainly demonstrated in the aspects of developing high technology, incubating new industries, transforming the knowledge and technology generated in the university to the economical application. Undoubtedly, some American research universities performed excellently in these aspects, and consequently created the new role and model of entrepreneurship of the university with their remarkable entrepreneurial spirit and activities. The entrepreneurial university grows up on the basis of the research university. It is the transformation and expansion of the research university. By force of its entrepreneurial activities and virtual contributions, the entrepreneurial university is leading the trend of university development.