丰林自然保护区景观生态评价:量化与解释

Landscape ecological evaluation of Fenglin Nature Reverse: Quantification and interpretation.

丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数(CEI).结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型:椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0%和森林总蓄积的96.6%,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰(人为和自然的),自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18165hm2,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87。

Fenglin National Class Nature Reserve is the largest well-saved virginal Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest area and a precious species gene bank in China.In this study,the indexes diversity,naturalness,representativity,rarity,area suitability,stability,and anthropogenic interference were selected to establish a ranking ecological evaluation system to estimate the ecological condition of the Reserve.The value of each index was determined by the evaluation system,and the weight percentage was decided by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP).In the Reserve,there were 568 higher plant species belonging to 113 families and 220 higher animal species,with score 3 of species diversity.The zonal 'climax' vegetation type broad-leaved Korean pine forest and the intrazonal community type spruce-fir forest constituted the principal part of the Reserve forest,which was the epitome of the virgin broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Lesser Xing'an Mountains,with representativity score 3.During the past 20～30 years,the natural habitat in the Reserve was quite good,and secondary succession was obtained effective control with few natural or anthropogenic disturbance,with score 4 of naturalness and anthropogenic interference.There were a lot of ancient species of the tertiary period,such as Pinus koraiensis,Fraxinus mandsurica,Juglans mandshurica,Pellodendron amurense,Tilia amurensis and Acer mono,and Pinus koraiensis was listed as one of severe danger species by the FAO of UN,with rarity score 4.The Reserve covered an area of 18165 hm 2,with an enough size to maintain the structure and function of the ecosystem.Accordingly,its area suitability score was 4.Broad-leaved Korean pine forest was the most typical and stable vegetation type in the Reserve,and thus,its stability score was 4.Finally,the composite evaluation index (CEI) was figured out as 0.87,showing that the ecological quality of the Reserve was very good,and the protection value was quite high.In conclusion,the present area,structure,and management of the Reserve could satisfy the requirement of sustainable development.