马克思对东方不发达国家发展道路的探索——重新解读马克思给查苏里奇的信(续)

Marx's Exploration on the Development of Oriental Developing Countries——A Continued Study on Marx’s Letter to Zasulich

马克思关于俄国公社跨越资本主义的观点可分为两个阶段,给查苏里奇的信属第一阶段,《共产党宣言》俄文版序言属第二阶段,也就是马克思跨越说的精华部分,因为第一阶段并未解决如何把这一来自俄国民粹主义的课题改建在历史唯物主义基础之上的问题,这是在第二阶段中解决的。马克思和恩格斯的跨越说还留下一个他们没提出来却隐含在其中的一个重大问题,即在资本主义发展不充分的东方落后国家中如何实现社会主义的问题,这是由列宁、毛泽东和邓小平来解决的,他们的基本方针是建立一个由社会主义经济成分为主导的保留资本主义成分的经济制度,使资本主义继续完成其历史使命——发展生产力。

Marx’s position on how Russian commune leapt forward the period of capitalism can be further split into two developmental stages: one is reflected in Marx’s letter to Zasulich; the other, which is the essence of Marx’s “Theory of leaping”, is represented by the preface to Russian version of Declaration of Communist Party. The implicit problem that Marx and Engels didn’t make clear is how to reach socialistic period in those oriental developing countries where capitalism didn’t develop fully. The solution was found by Lenin, MAO Ze-dong and DENG Xiao-ping. That is to set up an economic system, in which capitalistic economic sectors are led by socialistic economic sector.