元代书院官学化的历史文化解释

A Historical and Cultural Analysis of the Bureaucratization of the Classical Learning Academy in the Yuan Dynasty

元朝蒙古族的游牧文化与汉族的农耕文化经历了一个从冲突到融合的发展过程。在文化价值取向上,元朝统治者崇佛重儒,使蒙汉文化从冲突走向融合。其结果使蒙古社会传统的知识发生了转型,高等教育活动主要围绕儒家文化高深学问展开。"国子学的多元性"、"书院的官学化"、"科举的时断时续"构成了蒙元时期高等教育的主要特点。本文在回顾元代官学化的历史事件和综述有关研究的基础上,对元代书院的官学化问题进行了文化解释。

The nomadic culture of the Mongols and the agro-farming culture of the Han nationality experienced a cultural evolution from conflict to merge. In cultural value orientation, the Mongolian authorities honored Buddhism and Confucianism, which promoted the merge between the two cultures and brought about the transformation of traditional great learning in the Mongolian society. Higher educational activities centered on the great leaning of Confucianism. 'The pluralism of the Imperial College', 'the bureaucratization of the Classic Learning Academy', and 'the intermittent imperial examination' were the main features of higher learning in the Yuan Dynasty. This paper reviews historical incidents and relevant studies of the bureaucratization of the classical learning academy in the Yuan Dynasty and further offers a cultural interpretation of the bureaucratization issues.