整体论进路与乡土共同体——论“儒法合流”的成立基础

Tendency Towards Entirety and Rural Community: the Possibility of "the Convergence of Confucianism and Legalism"

作为中国传统政治文化基本模式的“儒法合流”,其成立基础可以从两个方面考察:一是它们共同具有的整体论进路,在儒家是强调“家族本位”,并通过“孝”的中介而连接到国家;在法家是赤裸裸的国家本位,其实质是强调君主私利。它们在操作层面的关联是通过儒学的意识形态化来实现的。二是国家与乡土共同体之间的张力,即由于中国社会发展道路的特殊性,在秦汉地域制国家产生以后,乡村社会基于血缘关系的乡土共同体并没有随之消解,国家政权力量还不能在长期内有效延伸到乡村,这些地域的社会整合必须借助儒学的教化作用。

the convergence of confucianism and legalism' is the foundational pattern of traditional chinese politics and culture. its mechanism of foundation can be observed in two aspects. firstly they have common tendency towards entirety. confucianism usually stresses on the clannish standard which links to the state through the filial obligation; legalism in essence focuses monarchal interests at an undisguised state standard. the connection of the two theories on operational level is realized by the ideologicalization of confucianism. secondly there is a tension between the state and the rural communities. due to the peculiarity of chinese social development, the rural communities based on the consanguinity in countryside did not disappear after the establishment of the boundary-nation in the qin dynasty and han dynasty. therefore, the power of the state could not permeate through the countryside, so that the social mergence in the whole nation must depend on the enlightenment of confucianism.