1Andrews K, Fitzgerald M. Cutaneous flexion reflex in human neonates: a quantitative study of threshold and stimulus- response characteristics after single and repeated stimuli[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 1999,41: 696 - 703.
2Sittl R,Griebinger N, Koppert W, et al. Management of postoperative pain in children[J]. Schmerz, 2000,14: 333 - 339.
3Howard RF. Current status of pain management in children[J]. JAMA,2003,12: 464 - 469.
4American Academy of Pediatrics. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents[J]. Pediatrics,2001,108: 793 - 797.
5Rogers TL, Ostrow CL. The use of EMLA cream to decrease venipuncture pain in children[J]. J Pediatr Nurst, 2004, 19:33 -39.
6Tollison CD, Satterthwaithe JR, Tollison JW, et al. Practical pain Management [M]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2002: 748 - 759.
8Dadure C, Acosta C, Capdevila X. Perioperative pain management of a complex orthopedic surgical procedure with double continuous nerve blocks in a burned child[J]. Anesth Analg, 2004,98:1653 -1655.
9Patrick K, Birmingham WM, Santh AS, et al. Patient - Controlled epidural analgesia in children: can they do it [J]? Anesth Analg,2003,96: 686 - 691.
10Lynn A,Nespeca MK, Bratton SL, et al. Clearance of morphine in postoperative infants during intravenous infusion: the influence of age and surgery[J]. Anesth Analg, 1998,86: 958 - 963.
