洞庭湖区农业环境与湖垸农业可持续发展模式

AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT AND ITS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AT EMBANKMENT REGION OF DONGTING LAKE

围湖垦殖形成了洞庭湖区湖垸农业形式,湖垸农业的形成加速了湖区人口的增长,人口的压力也促进了围垦。不断的围湖垦殖使耕地面积迅速增加。由于湖泊面积减少,湖垸农业处于外洪内涝的环境中。归纳了洞庭湖区的农业环境问题:洪涝灾害发生频率加大;水面减少,生物多样性降低;环境污染严重,湿地生态功能衰退;土壤退化和潜育化严重;血吸虫病死灰复燃等。结合已有经验,提出了湖垸农业可持续发展模式:认真实施生态保护工程,减少泥沙淤积;调整湖垸农业结构,建立可持续发展生态农业模式:避灾、减灾模式、水生经济植物模式、工业原料作物模式、林农复合经营模式、湖洲草地草食畜禽模式、麻基(油菜)渔塘农业模式等。

In this paper,issues of ecology and environment were discussed in relation to sustainable development, based on investigating history of embankment agriculture and reclamation around lake. The main issues of ecology and environment were the frequency of flood and waterlogged disaster, the area of water surface, the biodiversity, the pollution of environment, the ecological function of wetland, the soil degradation and gleyization, schistosome disease. According to the above issues of ecology and environment, following countermeasures of sustainable development was suggested at embankment region of Dongting Lake: reducing sediment deposition by ecological project, establishing new patterns that the disaster was avoided and decreased by adjusting the production structure of agriculture, developing eco-agriculture models such as planting economical aquatic crop include lotus root etc, by changing farmland as lake,planting industry raw material crop including rape, potato and flax etc, by associating with enterprise; developing agro-forestry combination pattern with the main plant being wood at higher land that was flooded seasonally, using the characteristics of Euramerican poplar that tolerates flood and waterlogging, and popularizing the substitutive agricultural pattern of herbivore at lakefront grassland.