孙吴中期士风的变化与侨旧士风的差异推论——读《三国志·吴书·孙和传》、韦昭《博弈论》

The Change of Aristocratic Practices and the Practical Difference between Migratory and Original Aristocrats in the Mid-wu Kingdom: An Inference from Biography of Sun He from Annals of the Three Kingdoms and “On Gambling and Chess” by Wei Zhao

孙权太子孙和对宾友蔡颖诸人耽于“交游博弈以妨事业”的情况甚为不满,命中庶子韦曜(即韦昭)等“各著论以矫之”。曜作《博弈论》,申述儒家修身之道,批评士人沉缅于博弈不仅妨碍事业,而且有损于道德。孙和张扬儒家正统的娱乐观念,表明孙吴政权进入中期以后,其第二代人物受到儒家思想的影响而逐渐雅化。孙吴统治集团原本出身寒门,受儒家礼法观念的影响较浅,崇尚世俗娱乐,在行为上则显得轻薄浮华。随着其新生代的文化进步,必然产生雅俗冲突。此外,追随孙吴统治者肆情纵欲者,又多为汉末流寓江东的北方人士及其后代,而江东本土大族人物则多严正。由《博弈论》又可见出孙吴侨、旧士风的差异。究其原因,主要在于侨士脱离乡里,舆论制约相对减轻,而求仕进取对孙吴皇权的依赖性较强,江东儒学旧族则相反。

Since the addiction of Caiying and other guests to gambling and chess had impeded undertakings, the unsatisfied prince of Sunquan, namely Sunhe, ordered Zhongshuzi Weiyao (the same as Weizhao) and other scholars to write articles to change the situation. On Gambling and Chess written by Weiyao describes the Confucian ways of cultivating moral character and maintains that the addition to gambling and chess will not only impede undertakings, but do harm to moral. The advocation of orthodox Confucian concepts of entertainment indicates that the second generation of the Wu Kingdom turned to have a refined taste. The ruling groups of the kingdom were of humble birth and were not greatly influenced by the Confucian ethics. They advocated secular entertainment and appeared to be showy in behavior. Cultural progress of the new generation inevitably gave rise to the conflict of the secular and refined practices. Moreover, those who indulged themselves to secular pleasure were northerners and their offspring migrating to the lower reaches of Yangtse River in the late period of the Han Dynasty. The local aristocrats otherwise were strict with themselves. “On Gamb- ling and Chess” also shows the practical difference between migratory and original aristocrats. The main reason is that the migratory aristocrats were separated from the natives and relatively less limited by public opinions. Those who wanted to be officials were much dependent on the imperial power of the kingdom. The original Confucian aristocrats were to the contrary.