中国城市收入分配中的集团因素:1986-1995

Categorical Sources of Income Inequality: The case of urban China

本文分析城市在改革以来造成收入分化加剧的制度性因素。在计划经济时期形成的集团类别,如地域、行业、所有制类型和工作单位,不仅定义了当时收入分配的规则,这些重要的制度性因素在形成中的市场经济中也得以延续,它们组成了改革以来促成收入分化快速增长和新的社会分层模式的制度性基础。个人收入由于不同的个人特征有所不同。除此之外,收入分配还清楚地显示了依据这些集团类别分化的模式。各集团通过各种策略谋求集体利益,并在一定程度上保持内部平等。从收入变化的结构上看,收入分化的加剧正是因为集团间收入差异的快速上升。在收入分化加剧的头1 0年,集团间收入差异的增长远远超过了集团内差异的增长。到了1 990年代中期,大约一半的收入差异增长能够为这些社会集团因素所解释。从理论上讲。

This paper examines the roles of institutional sources in the spectacular rise of income inequality in urban China during the reform era. Categories created under the state socialism show new life in an emerging market economy and continue to form the institutional sources of rising economic inequality. In addition to rewarding individuals differently according to their attributes, income distribution in urban China shows a clear pattern of alignment along boundaries such as locality, industrial sector, ownership type, and work organizations. Relying on mechanisms such as exclusion and opportunity hoarding, and by forming local corporatism and work organization ownership, members in different categories retain a degree of equality while allowing inequality between categories rise sharply.