再论智力障碍概念的演化及其实践意义

On Evolution and Practical Significance of Definition of Mental Retardation

20年来智力障碍定义发生了重要的演变。第一次转变是从1983年的定义系统转变为1992年的定义系统,这次转变是将智力障碍从一个人的固有特性转变为一个人能力与环境相互作用的功能状态;并提出了按支持程度分类的新系统;第二次转变是在第一次转变基础上继续强调从5个维度来为智力障碍者提供支持,提供个人功能状态,最终提高他们的生活质量。智力障碍定义的演化改变了人们智力障碍的观念,对智力障碍的分类系统、教育和成人康复实践产生了重要影响。

The definition of mental retardation has experienced important evolutions in recent 20 years. The first transformation was the change from 1983 system to 1992 system. 1983 system focused on inherent disability within the handicapped person and 1992 system approached mental retardation as a state of functioning rather than an inherent trait and recognized the interaction between the individual with limited intellectual functioning/adaptive behavior and the environment. Based on intensities of needed supports, a classification system was put forward; while the second transformation, 2002 system retains functional orientation and emphasizes supports offered by 5 new dimensions to improve personal functions and their quality of life. The evolutions of definition have changed the concepts of people towards mental retardation, having great significance to both classification system of mental retardation and the practice of education and rehabilitation for mental retardation.