RNA复制子疫苗研究进展

Research Development of RNA Replicon-based Vaccines

最近兴起的RNA复制子疫苗,利用源自病毒的能够自主复制的RNA,其结构蛋白基因由外源抗原基因取代,保留了非结构蛋白(RNA复制酶)基因。RNA复制酶可使RNA载体在细胞质中高水平复制,并实现外源抗原基因的高水平表达,可同时诱导细胞免疫和体液免疫应答。大量双链RNA可诱导被感染细胞凋亡,宿主细胞的凋亡有利于免疫系统识别外源抗原。RNA复制子疫苗克服了传统疫苗和普通DNA疫苗存在的缺点,具有抗原表达效率高、安全性好、应用范围广等优点,因而被视为一种发展前景很好的疫苗形式。目前已对一些疾病模型基于复制子的治疗性和预防性疫苗进行了研究(涉及的对象包括病毒、肿瘤以及细菌毒素等),并对某些不足之处进行了改进。

RNA replicon-based vaccine, which is constructed by the viral RNA that can replicate by itself, is a newly springing up vaccine. The genes of structural proteins in viral RNA are replaced by the gene of heterogenous antigen, and the gene of nonstructural protein is reserved, which encodes the replicase of RNA. The RNA vector can replicate at a high level in cytoplasm with the catalysis of RNA replicase, and the heterogenous antigen can be expressed greatly, which can induce cellular immunity and humoral immunity simutaeously. Generous dsRNAs can induce the apoptosis of infected cells. This contribute to the antigen identification by immune system. RNA replicon-based vaccine is regarded as a kind of promising vaccine because of its higher expression efficiency of antigen, higher security, wider range of application than classical vaccines and ordinary DNA vaccines. Up to now, some RNA replicon-based preventive and therapeutic vaccines for many disease models(virus, tumor, bacterial toxin are related) have been researched, and some disadvantages have been improved.