关于锥状喀斯特与塔状喀斯特的水动力成因过程──以黔中地区为例

HYDRODYNAMIC GENETICS OF CONE KARST AND TOWER KARST WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MIDDLE GUIZHOU

锥峰可以峰丛的形式，也可以峰林的形式，与任何喀斯特负地形组合构成锥状喀斯特组合类型。而塔峰仅以峰林形式出现在冲积平原发育的槽谷、盆地或溶原中。因此，有的地区是以锥状喀斯特为主，有的是锥状喀斯特与塔状喀斯特并存。锥状喀斯特是湿热带喀斯特的原生地形，峰丛喀斯特启动的临界条件是内、外源地表水流的垂向渗透。在这一基础上，只要有足够的渗流带厚度，峰丛洼地取得六边形结构后，将成为处于动力平衡的稳定态地貌。而潜流基面位置的存在则是峰丛向峰林转化的唯一先决条件，即通过基面上石峰边坡的平行后退形式形成峰林溶原，在这个过程中并非要求大规模的地表水流参与。但潜流基面浅埋和强大的地表水流相结合是锥状喀斯特向塔状喀斯特转化的基本条件，二者缺一不可，而外源水的存在与否并不重要。

Karst cones in forms of both fengcong and fenglin may be integrated with any negativeforms of karst to constitute the cone karst types,and towers,only in form of fenglin,occur in val-leys and basins with alluvial veneer or flood plain.Some inselberg karst are dominated by cones,whereas in others cones and towers occur together.As a result,the cone karst should be primarytopography of the tropical karst.A critical condition for generation and development of the feng-cong karst is vertical recharge karst aquifers from surface water,It is not important if the water isautogenic or allogenic.A thick vadose zone provides favourable conditions for self-adjustment ofcomplex variables in the fengcong depression to achieve hexagonal network.From then onwark,the geometry of the landscape will remain essentially unaltered as a steady-state of time-indepen-dence in dynamic equilibrium.Otherwise,phreatic water level will be a prerequisite for a transitionfrom fengcong towards fenglin,i.e.fenglin-plains are produced as a result of parallel retreat ofcone slopes.It is not necessary tO require a jointment of large-scale surface drainage system.How-ever,a combination of shallow base-level and much surface water is a basic condition for the conekarst to evolve towards the tower karst,neither one and other.It is not important whether allo-genic water exists or not.