汉语语音要素的潜与显——以北京话和娄烦话为例

Transparent Change of Lai Mu(来母) in Beijing and Loufan Dialects

潜显理论是应用语言学在20世纪80年代到90年代逐步形成的一种关于语言发展形式的语言观念。在汉语的语音层面,有些语音要素以显性的、表层的、现实的状态存在;有些语音要素以隐性的、深层的、未予表现的状态存在。在现实语言中,潜性要素和显性要素时刻处于一种动态的变化当中,二者可以根据不同的激活条件相互转化。本文以北京话和娄烦话为例,讨论了汉语语音要素潜显转化的不同情况,试图建立汉语语音要素潜显转化的不同模式,并发现了另外一种因强势方言影响弱势方言而产生的音变模式:替代式音变,这种音变有别于一般以文白异读为表现形式的叠置式音变。

Potential-transparent theory is a language idea about the form of language development,which derived from applied linguistics gradually formed between 1980s and 1990s. In the phonetic layer of Chinese,some phonetic factors are in transparent, surface and realistic state, others in potential, deep and unexpressive state. In language reality,potential and transparent factors are in a process of dynamic change. One can be transformed into the other on different activating conditions. In this paper the writer discusses the potential and transparent changes in Beijing and Loufan dialects, and attempts to estabilsh the different patterns of these changes in Chinese. In the course of discussion, we have discovered another phonetic change pattern caused by the influence of strong dialect on the weak one. We call it substitutive phonetic change. This kind of phonetic change is different from the superposed kind.