植物蒸散耗水量测定方法研究进展

Research progress on surveying and calculation of evapotranspiration of plants and its prospects

对国内外蒸散发研究领域200多年的成就进行了简要的回顾。并对测定植物蒸散耗水量的各种方法的主要理论原理进行了总结,探讨了各种方法的适用性、优点及实际应用中存在的问题。比较蒸散的测定方法,水文学方法简便、不受气象条件的限制,适用性较强;微气象学法不破坏下垫面,适用于整齐均一的作物与林木蒸散的测定;植物生理学法适用于植物个体耗水量的测定;遥感法处于迅速发展阶段,尽管许多问题还有待于解决,但它用于估算区域蒸散量,实用性很大,应用前景广阔;SPAC水分传输模拟法适用于精确计算植被总蒸发。在此基础上预测了蒸散在未来研究的发展趋势。

In this article, the achievement in the field of evapotranspiration research in the world during last 200 years is reviewed. The main theories and methods for estimating evapotranspiration of crops or trees, including the hydrological, micrometeorological, plant physiological and remote sensing methods, as well as dynamic simulating based on the water transport theories in soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC) are summarized. The application conditions, the performances and the problems in applications are discussed. The Hydrological methods can be used in many cases because of simplicity and unlimitedness by time and meteorological elements. The micrometeorological methods for calculating evapotranspiration, which not destroy ground surface, can be used to measure an even formed stand. The plant physiological approach usually used to measure an individual tree. The remote sensing methods are under development. Although many problems remain to be solved, it is much useful for practice and looks very promising because it can provide regional evapotranspiration information. It is very accurate for measuring the evapotranspiration of plants and dynamic simulating based on water transport theories in SPAC. Based on those mentioned above, the future trends in evapotranspiration research of crops or trees are forecasted.