长江流域丘陵茶园的生态问题研究

Ecological Problems in Hilly Tea Plantations in the Yangtze Basin

通过现场调研和样品测试,研究分析了长江流域丘陵茶园的生态问题及其应对措施。结果表明,长江流域丘陵茶园普遍面临土壤贫瘠,季节性干旱严重、高温和强光直射、外界环境污染、生态组分简单、生态环境恶化等生态问题,造成茶叶品质下降,农药等有害物质残留超标,茶叶生产效益低。试验表明,夏秋季高温时覆盖遮阳网可降低土壤温度,提高茶园环境湿度和土壤水分含量;茶园覆盖稻草和种植豆科绿肥在夏秋干旱季可增加土壤含水量,改善茶园土壤结构,增加土壤有机质,提高N、P、K等养分的有效性。建立人工复合生态茶园,即在茶园种植一定数量的高大乔木并覆盖稻草或者间种三叶草,建立生物物种多样化的复合茶园生态系统,可有效改善茶园生态环境,增加害虫天敌的种类和种群数量,有效控制害虫的生长和繁殖,结合农业和物理技术,可做到少使用农药,降低茶叶中农药残留量,实现长江流域丘陵茶园安全高效生产。

Tea plantations in the hill region faced many ecological problems, such as soil leanness, seasonal drought, external environment pollution, simple ecological components, ecological deterioration, etc, which resulted in tea quality decreasing, harmful substances such as residues of pesticides exceeding the standard and low efficient production. Planting arbors around and between the tea plantations (density being 120~150 per hectare), or covering the tea with sunshade networks, can reduce soil temperature and increase the air relative humidity under drought conditions in summer and autumn. Some other measures were applied, such as planting clover or mulching straw that can increase soil water content and natural enemy amount, control growth and propagation of pest, improve soil structure of tea plantations and increase the soil organic matter and available N, P, K. The studies showed that planting arbors (fruit tree, medicinal plants, ecological forest and economic forest, etc.) around and between the tea plantations, covering the tea with sunshade networks, planting clover, mulching with straws, and so on, formed diversity of eco-systems, which increase natural enemy amount and species and decrease the use of pesticide and fertilizer. Combining agricultural and physical protection technology, using fewer pesticide and fertilizer could realize tea safety and high-efficient production in the Yangtze Basin.