《(汉语水平)汉字等级大纲》汉字部件统计分析

A statistic analysis of components of the character entries in the HSK Graded Character List

本研究参照即将颁布的"基础教学用现代汉语常用字部件规范"的拆分原则,对<(汉语水平)汉字等级大纲>中的2905个汉字全部进行了拆分,建立了"等级汉字拆分数据库"和"等级汉字基础部件数据库",在此基础上,对数据库中相关信息进行了统计.在2905个汉字中,共使用基础部件515个,其中成字部件285个.从各个等级的数据看,甲级字承担着非常丰富的信息:(1)75%的基础部件出现于甲级字中,而且这些部件都是构字能力非常强的部件;(2)甲级字中包含53%的基础成字部件,44%的合体成字部件;(3)40%的甲级字直接参与构字;(4)近95%的构字能力强的部件在甲级字中出现;(5)甲级字中出现了全部汉字的首层结构方式等.依此我们建议:汉字部件教学是可行的和高效率的,但是最有效的办法应该是将部件教学融入基础字教学之中,以基础字带部件教学.

In this study a database of separation of graded characters and a database of basic components of graded characters were created based on the separation of all the 2,905 entries in the HSK Graded Character List into components. In doing so, we took reference of the principles for separating characters into components given in the forthcoming Norms for Components of Frequently Used Characters in Contemporary Chinese in Elementary Teaching. According to our statistics, there are 515 basic components in the 2,905 entries among which 285 are independent characters by themselves. Grade A characters in the 4 grades show that: 1) 75% of components occur in Grade A characters with strong character-forming ability; 2) 53% of single character-forming components and 44% of compound character-forming components are Grade A characters; 3) 40% of the Grade A characters can directly function as components to form new characters; 4) nearly 95% of the strong character-forming components occur in Grade A characters; and 5) all the first level character structures occur in Grade A characters. We therefore suggest that the teaching of character components is feasible and efficient, but the most effective way of teaching is to incorporate the teaching of components into that of basic characters that can serve as the first step to teach components.