试论美国外交史上的对外干预——兼论自由主义意识形态对美国对外干预的影响

Intervention in American Diplomatic History

本文从政治文化和国家安全两个视角分析了美国对海外干预态度的历史演变。作者认为,在对外干预问题上,美国经历了从19世纪的反对对外干预,20世纪前半期的有限干预到冷战时代全面的经济、政治和军事干预的演变。美国历史上的对外干预既出于权力与利益的需要,又根植于美国独特的以自由为核心的政治文化之中。在后冷战时代,国家安全需要、输出民主的理想和可承受的低代价预期构成当前和今后决定美国对外干预行为的三大要素,拟议中的干预行动越能满足这三大要素,就越可能被付诸实施。

The article describes and analyzes the evolution of American attitude toward its intervention in international politics and other countries’ internal affairs through the perspectives of political culture and national security. According to the author, the US had opposed and avoided interfering in international affairs until the end of the 19th century. The Spanish-American War began the age of limited and selective interventions in American foreign relations, which mainly focused on the affairs of Latin American countries. After the end of World War Two, on the basis of anti-communism as a national security doctrine the US intervention in international affairs became globalized. American intervention in the international affairs takes roots both in its search for power and interest and its unique political culture based on the concept of liberty. In the post-Cold War era, national security requirement, the ideal of exporting democracy and the expectation of low cost in intervention constitute the determinants of whether a policy of intervention should be adopted or not.