釜式反应器反应失控的温度与压力预测

Prediction of temperature and pressure in run-away reactions of kettle-type reactors

釜式反应器因反应失控导致爆炸、火灾和有毒物料泄漏事故时有发生。对其反应失控内在规律的研究有助于采取针对性防范措施。本文从事故案例中分析和总结了化工生产中反应失控火灾爆炸事故的原因和事故特征。利用反应系统热量平衡原理和物料气-液相平衡原理,分别对间歇、半连续和连续式釜式反应器建立了反应失控所达到的最大温度和压力预测方法。结合釜式反应器的操作,应用此预测方法计算表明,半连续釜式反应器失控时继续加料,反应失控的绝热温升最大,连续和间歇釜式反应器次之,而半连续釜式反应器失控时停止加料绝热温升值较小;反应器内液体物料的蒸气压以比温升速度更大的速度上升。

This article aims to analyze and summarize the causes and features of the fire and explosion hazards in the run-away reactions from the accident cases. Based on the theory of heat equilibrium and that of gas-liquid phase equilibrium, the methods for predicting the temperature and pressure in the run-away reactions could be established as for interim, semi-continuous and continuous kettle reactors. In kettle-type reactors, the accidents of explosion, fire and toxicant leakage often occur because of the run-away reactions. Therefore, study on run-away reaction rules helps to adopt the efficient safety precautions. The results from our methods applied in the operation of kettle reactors show that, keeping on feed-in fuel while a run-away reaction occurs, the rise of adiabatic temperature can reach the highest in the semi-continuous reactor. However, in continuous and interim reactors temperatures can be kept relatively lower, for the vapor pressure of the liquid materials in the reactor can rise in a greater speed than the corresponding temperature.