环境压力指标及应用

Environmental pressure indexes and their application.

基于国家尺度的社会代谢物质流、地理面积、净生态面积和标准生态面积,构建出测度本国环境所承受的环境压力总量指标体系——环境载荷和环境压强;对中国、德国、荷兰、奥地利、日本和美国等6个国家的环境载荷和环境压强进行了若干年的实证计算和对比分析.结果表明,虽然美国的人均环境载荷、人均物质总需求及人均生态足迹赤字等均是各国最高者,其环境压强却处于低位,与奥地利相近;中国的人均指标虽然低,其以标准生态面积计算的环境压强却是6国中最高者;以环境压强指标测度,5个发达工业国的经济发展与本国环境压力之间在研究期显示出不同程度的“脱钩”关系,即本国环境压强并没有随经济总量的增长而增加;中国的环境压力却呈现明显的上升态势.同时就环境问题的公平性和环境压力指标的优缺点进行了简要讨论.

In this paper, the environmental load and environmental stress-indicator system was established to measure the total environmental pressure on the domestic environment, based on material flows of social metabolism, geographical area, net ecological area and standardized ecological area. The environmental load and environmental stress of 6 countries China, Germany, Netherlands, Austria, Japan, and the United State of America were calculated and analyzed. Although the United States was the highest in per-capita environmental load, per capita total material requirement and per capita ecological footprint deficit, but its environmental stress ranked low, close to that of Austria. China's environmental stress calculated with the standardized ecological area was the highest of the 6 countries although its per-capita indicators were low. Measured using the environmental stress indicators, the five industrial countries exhibited various degrees of decoupling between their economic development and domestic environmental pressure during the study period; that is, their domestic environmental stress did not increase with their economic growth. China's environmental pressure, however, exhibited a trend of obvious increase.