中日共犯问题比较研究概说

A Comparative Study of the Complicity in China and Japan

共同犯罪作为一种对社会危害显著的社会法律现象,历来都是各国立法、司法和理论界关注的重心之一。对于如何界定共同犯罪的成立条件,如何处罚共同犯罪中的参与者,各国立法和理论各不相同。基于社会危害性这一犯罪观,我国共犯制度的设定目的是要解决多人共同实行某种刑法所规定的犯罪行为时,将哪些参与者作为犯罪人,在犯罪中所起作用不同的行为人,如何使其承担与其地位与作用相当的刑事责任问题;日本共犯制度设定则以“构成要件”为中心,重视共犯与正犯的区别,如何解决共犯者的犯罪成立条件是其核心课题。这种不同取决于两国刑法所选择的价值取向上的不同,我国的共犯制度倾向于保护价值,而日本倾向于保障人权。

Being a sociological and legal phenomenon that prominently imperils society, complicity has always been a major topic of discussion in legislative, judiciary and academic circles all over the world. With respect to the constitution of the crime and the sanctions of accomplices, concerned legislations and doctrines vary a great deal in different countries. Based on the community-imperiling nature of the crime, China’s complicity laws intend to solve the problem of who should be deemed an accomplice when more than one person participate in a crime and how to determine their legal accountability since their conducts vary in the crime. In comparison, Japan’s complicity laws focus on the “constructive requirements” and attach much importance to the difference between the principle and the accomplice. The key problem is to set out the requirements of the complicity appropriately. The difference between the two systems reveals different values in the criminal laws of the two countries. China’s institution is inclined to protect values of the society, while Japan is inclined to safeguard individual human rights.