试论刑法中的被害者过错制度

A Tentative Research on the Victim’s Fault in Criminal Law

被害者过错问题是被害学理论中的一个关键问题。被害者过错问题的研究有着重要的刑法学意义,而这一问题虽已在不同程度上被各国刑法学界意识到,并在立法中有着片段性的反映,但问题没有被系统化地认识和规制。根据其对刑事事件发生的影响力大小及性质的不同,具体被害者过错可以被分为迫发行为、引发行为、激发行为和触发行为等几个层级,并和加害者刑事责任的大小呈反比对应关系。抽象被害者过错有着与此一致的道理。在刑法及一些相关法律中确立完整、系统的被害者过错制度,意义显著。

The victim’s fault is a key issue in victimology and is of great significance in the research of criminal jurisprudence. People in criminal law circles all over the world have sensed the importance of the problem and to some extent their concern has been embodied in legislation, but the problem has not been systematically cleared up. In respect of its nature and its impact on the occurrence of criminal cases, a victim’s fault can be divided into four categories: forcing, arousing, stimulating and triggering. Forcing thrusts the gravest fault on the victim and has the biggest influence upon the occurrence of the offending event. Thus, the offender has the lightest criminal responsibility, while triggering thrusts the least fault on the victim and the offender has the heaviest responsibility. Similarly, we may judge a victim’s fault in concrete or abstract ways. In short, the establishment of a complete and systematic victim’s fault institution in criminal law and related laws matters a great deal.