中原传统乡村社会中的姓氏和称谓

On Surnames and Titles in the Traditional Rural Community of the Central Plains

传统乡村社会是一个“完全没有陌生人”、“只是因生长在一起发生”的伦理本位社会。在这样的社会里,姓氏、称谓成为人们具有血缘关系和亲属关系的特殊标记。这一根根私人联系的“线”,结成了社会的主体结构。它们在协同体内部、协同体与协同体之间发生关系的过程中,形成了以信仰为核心、以地缘为基础、以族姓为依托的地方秩序和以情感为基准的伦理本位正义观。姓氏、称谓是对亲属世界的描述和分类,它将我们认为是同样角色的群体和亲戚集合在一起,又将我们对其有不同期待的群体和亲戚区分开来。因此,它是我们掌握这一地区村落自治情况时应当十分注意观察的事实对象。

The traditional rural community is a settlement completely without 'strangers' and only with villagers 'growing up in the same standard of ethics'. Surnames and titles are used to identify and classify close and distant relations, which enable groups and relatives that we think have the same belief and behavior to collect on the one hand and those who we think have different belief and behavior to be marked off on the other. The groups and relatives are, therefore, the real subjects of whom we need to make a serious survey so as to learn the situation of the regional village autonomy.